{"id":1771,"date":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/in\/erd-vs-class-diagram-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","slug":"erd-vs-class-diagram-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/in\/erd-vs-class-diagram-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"ERD \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e: \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u092c \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u092a\u0930\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (ERD) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e 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\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Hand-drawn infographic comparing Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD) and Class Diagrams for software projects. Features side-by-side visualization of ERD components (entities, attributes, relationships, keys) versus Class Diagram elements (classes, methods, inheritance, interfaces). Includes a comparison table covering domain, relationships, behavior, optimization, and output differences. Decision flowchart guides when to prioritize ERD for data-intensive applications versus Class Diagrams for complex business logic. Illustrates ORM bridging strategies and common modeling pitfalls. Sketch-style artwork with database and object-oriented icons, handwritten typography, and soft watercolor background in 16:9 format.\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/erd-vs-class-diagram-infographic-hand-drawn-16x9-1.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902 \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 ERD \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f 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&#8220;<em>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923:<\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0941\u0923, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f &#8220;<em>customer_name<\/em> \u092f\u093e &#8220;<em>order_date<\/em>&#8220;\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938:<\/strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0947-\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915-\u0938\u0947-\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0964 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\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091c\u0947\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b ERD \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 &#8220;<em>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/em> \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091c (UML) \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ERD \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928:<\/strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915:<\/strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0902\u091f\u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (\u0917\u0941\u0923) \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 (\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong>\u0935\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f<em>calculateTotal()<\/em> \u092f\u093e<em>validateUser()<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924:<\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928: \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938:<\/strong>\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e:<\/strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947<em>public<\/em>, <em>private<\/em>, \u092f\u093e<em>protected<\/em>\u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 (associations), \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (aggregations) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (compositions) \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915<em>\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/em> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 <em>\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/em> \u0914\u0930 <em>\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/em> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917; \u092f\u0926\u093f <em>\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/em> \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b <em>\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928<\/em> \u0914\u0930 <em>\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930<\/em> \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 ERD \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/th>\n<th>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (ERD)<\/th>\n<th>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/td>\n<td>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \/ \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 (1:1, 1:N)<\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940, \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e)<\/td>\n<td>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092b\u093c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/td>\n<td>\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0928, \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>SQL \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/td>\n<td>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>ERD \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0902 \ud83d\udcbe<\/h2>\n<p>\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 ERD \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e-\u0938\u0918\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u094d\u0938, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091c\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u0924\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 ERD \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0915\u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0949\u091f\u0932\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f ERD \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 <em>\u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928<\/em> \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f <em>\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\u091c\u092c \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b ERD \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h3>\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b ERD \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 ERD \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>user_id<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h3>\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b ERD \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u090f \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u090f \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0902 \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0924\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u092f\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ERD \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 <em>\u091b\u0942\u091f<\/em> \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b <em>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/em> \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> \u0906\u092a \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0917 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 <em>\u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/em> \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <em>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/em>, <em>\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0948\u0932<\/em>, \u092f\u093e <em>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b<\/em> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941-\u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e<\/h3>\n<p>\u091c\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0938\u0940# \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 (inheritance hierarchy) \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0940\u092b\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0902\u091f\u090f\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h3>\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0906\u0908 (UI) \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0907\u0928 \u0921\u0940\u091f\u0940\u0913 (Data Transfer Objects) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0902\u091f\u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e: \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0948\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 (ORM) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 <em>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/em> ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 <em>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938<\/em> \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 (\u0936\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917), \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u0947-\u092c\u0939\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0938\u0947-\u092c\u0939\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 <em>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/em> \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/em> \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong>\u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940, \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0928\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0948\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e ERD \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u092f\u0926\u093f ERD \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0928\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090b\u0923 (technical debt) \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0932\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u091c\u0930\u0905\u0902\u0926\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e:<\/strong>\u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 (\u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0947-\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0947-\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 (inheritance) \u0939\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (composition) \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 (methods) \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (State) \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 (Behavior) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e:<\/strong>\u090f\u0915 ERD \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (\u090f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f) \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 (\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u092c\u0930\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u091c\u0930\u0905\u0902\u0926\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e:<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0928\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 ERD \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 API \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0942\u091f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \ud83e\udded<\/h2>\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0949\u091f\u0932\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948? \n<ul>\n<li><em>\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/em>ERD \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902:<\/em>\u091a\u0930\u0923 2 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \n<ul>\n<li><em>\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/em>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902:<\/em>\u091a\u0930\u0923 3 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 SQL \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 OOP \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \n<ul>\n<li><em>\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/em>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f ERD \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 OOP \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902:<\/em> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e APIs \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \n<ul>\n<li><em>\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/em> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 ERD \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902:<\/em> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n<p>ERD \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 ERD \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0915\u0930, \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 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\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u092a\u0930\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (ERD) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1772,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"ERD \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e: \u0915\u092c \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902? \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"ERD \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f-\u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u092c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 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