{"id":1415,"date":"2026-03-28T06:58:20","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T06:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/object-diagrams-made-simple-student-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T06:58:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T06:58:20","slug":"object-diagrams-made-simple-student-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/object-diagrams-made-simple-student-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u01a1n Gi\u1ea3n: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u D\u1ec5 Hi\u1ec3u Cho Sinh Vi\u00ean, Kh\u00f4ng R\u01b0\u1eddm R\u00e0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Khi h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh t\u0129nh. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83d\udd0d S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML (Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh H\u00f3a \u0110\u01a1n Nh\u1ea5t). N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong khi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch), th\u00ec S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n
  • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nguoi_dung_001<\/em>, don_hang_554<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean. B\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. B\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

    \ud83e\uddf1 C\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n Ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 Ng\u1eef Ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    1. Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. B\u00ean trong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • T\u00ean \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>Vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng in nghi\u00eang<\/em> v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: john_doe<\/em>.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ean L\u1edbp:<\/strong> Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi d\u1ea5u hai ch\u1ea5m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: john_doe<\/em> : Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
    • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u1edbp. Ch\u00fang l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a name: Chu\u1ed7i<\/em>, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 name: \u201cAlice\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 +<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u00f4ng khai ho\u1eb7c -<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ri\u00eang t\u01b0.<\/li>\n
      • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Th\u00eam ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: age: 25<\/code>).<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ed7ng:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng null<\/code> ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng t\u00f9y theo chu\u1ea9n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhau.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eb3ng. Ch\u00fang cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:1<\/code>, 0..1<\/code>, 1..*<\/code>.<\/li>\n
        • T\u00ean vai tr\u00f2:<\/strong> V\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5:s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/em>, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udcca S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

          H\u1ecdc sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o<\/td>\nC\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/td>\nV\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u0129nh)<\/td>\nCh\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh (th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u00ean<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u00ean l\u1edbp (in \u0111\u1eadm, ch\u1eef hoa)<\/td>\nT\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n (in nghi\u00eang, ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\nLo\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: int<\/em>)<\/td>\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 42<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\nGiai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/td>\nKi\u1ec3m th\u1eed, g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y; b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o minh m\u1eabn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1edbi. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. B\u1ea1n \u0111ang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch? Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp? Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng? T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

          X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh to\u00e1n<\/em> t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

          V\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, th\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng).<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: G\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh Ng\u00e0y<\/em> ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1<\/h3>\n

          Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd hai m\u1ee5c, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd sai.<\/p>\n

          \ud83c\udf0d V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n

          H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edf c\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

          B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00ean l\u00e0 Sarah \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tom. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1ee3n.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • sarah_l<\/em> : Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • tom_s<\/em> : H\u1ecdc sinh<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • book_101<\/em> : S\u00e1ch<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • sarah_l<\/em>: id: \"L001\"<\/code>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: \"\u0110ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\"<\/code><\/li>\n
            • tom_s<\/em>: id: \"S055\"<\/code>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: \"\u0110ang m\u01b0\u1ee3n\"<\/code><\/li>\n
            • book_101<\/em>: ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1: \"UML N\u00e2ng cao\"<\/code>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: \"\u0110\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n\"<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i t\u1eeb sarah_l<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn tom_s<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/em> (\u0110a d\u1ea1ng: 1..* \u1edf ph\u00eda sinh vi\u00ean).<\/li>\n
              • \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i t\u1eeb tom_s<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn book_101<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/em> (\u0110a d\u1ea1ng: 1 \u1edf ph\u00eda s\u00e1ch).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y Sarah, Tom v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ID c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udeab Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n

                Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u1edbp c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u00e3y gi\u1eef ch\u00fang ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
                • B\u1ecf qua \u0111a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
                • Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea1m vi. \u0110\u1eebng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn.<\/li>\n
                • Thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e3n:<\/strong> Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                • \u0110\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng sai:<\/strong> Nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng: t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n. T\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u0111\u1eadm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \ud83d\udd17 Hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng<\/h2>\n

                  C\u00e1c b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • 1:<\/strong>Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
                  • 0..1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
                  • 1..*:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
                  • 0..*:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
                  • 2..5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Khi v\u1ebd, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp kia.<\/p>\n

                    \ud83d\udcc8 T\u1ea1i sao s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\n

                    T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u1ebd ch\u00fang? Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. Ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

                    1. X\u00e1c minh<\/h3>\n

                    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem logic c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 500 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                    2. Giao ti\u1ebfp<\/h3>\n

                    C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y \u201cn\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cn\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.\u201d<\/p>\n

                    3. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed<\/h3>\n

                    C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh.<\/p>\n

                    4. G\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i<\/h3>\n

                    Khi x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. V\u1ebd l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ed7i x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ebd gi\u00fap truy v\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                    \ud83d\uded1 Xem t\u0129nh so v\u1edbi xem \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n

                    Quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. UML c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi (\u0111\u1ed9ng), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (t\u0129nh).<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
                    • H\u00e0nh vi \u0110\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac T\u0129nh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

                      \u2705 C\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho H\u1ecdc sinh<\/h2>\n

                      \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sau.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Gi\u1eef cho s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh giao nhau c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c (g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng) thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xi\u00ean.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00f4ng ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, h\u00e3y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00fa b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                      • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, h\u00e3y chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t cho \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng).<\/li>\n
                      • Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong>Tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0obj_<\/code> ho\u1eb7c inst_<\/code>n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \ud83e\udde9 C\u00e1c M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 N\u00e2ng cao: Aggregation v\u00e0 Composition<\/h2>\n

                        C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn-to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                        Aggregation<\/h3>\n

                        Aggregation ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed7ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t Ph\u00f2ng ban v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu Ph\u00f2ng ban \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, c\u00e1c Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Composition<\/h3>\n

                          Composition l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Aggregation. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 C\u00e1c Ph\u00f2ng. N\u1ebfu Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, c\u00e1c Ph\u00f2ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            Khi v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cTo\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/p>\n

                            \ud83d\udcdd T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb<\/h2>\n

                            Xem l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n ghi nh\u1edb th\u00f4ng tin. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                            • Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in nghi\u00eang v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n.<\/li>\n
                            • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                            • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
                            • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
                            • So s\u00e1nh:<\/strong> Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              N\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sang x\u00e1c minh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              Khi h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1416,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a UML","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong UML. 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