{"id":1497,"date":"2026-03-31T20:28:12","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T20:28:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/understanding-object-instantiation-object-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-03-31T20:28:12","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T20:28:12","slug":"understanding-object-instantiation-object-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/understanding-object-instantiation-object-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n then ch\u1ed1t trong S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p nhanh v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p nhanh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, c\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (UML).<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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\"Kawaii-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83d\udd0d Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n b\u00e1nh quy, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh quy th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp m\u00f4 t\u1ea3\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec<\/em>t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac), trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3ai<\/em>t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i).<\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 thay v\u00ec ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o gi\u00fap m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0nh vi, x\u00e1c minh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

    \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f C\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1edbp, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u1edbp in \u0111\u1eadm, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, theo sau l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hai ch\u1ea5m v\u00e0 t\u00ean l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

    \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

    T\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong>T\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u00ean l\u1edbp, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef in hoa. V\u00ed d\u1ee5,khachhang1<\/code>so v\u1edbiKhachhang<\/code>.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong>Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00eandonhang1<\/code> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
    • Khai b\u00e1o ki\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3u lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng sau d\u1ea5u hai ch\u1ea5m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u sau:<\/p>\n

      order1 : Order\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
      K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ngorder1<\/code> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbpOrder<\/code> l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chung v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
      \ud83d\udcdd Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
      M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ki\u1ec3u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5,price : float<\/code>), s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5,price = 99.99<\/code>). M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
      Khi hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sau:<\/p>\n
        \n
      • Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho chu\u1ed7i, h\u00e3y bao quanh n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c k\u00e9p.<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ed7ng:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 ra khi m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ngnull<\/code> ho\u1eb7cNone<\/code>.<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9a danh s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea3ng, h\u00e3y hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/p>\n
        invoice1 : Invoice {\n  number = \"INV-2023-001\"\n  total = 1500.00\n  status = \"\u0110\u00e3 thanh to\u00e1n\"\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
        K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh to\u00e1n, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1nc\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
        \ud83d\udd17 M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h2>\n
        C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
        \ud83d\udd17 Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h3>\n
        M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code>), th\u00ec m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khachhang1<\/code> v\u00e0 donhang1<\/code>).<\/p>\n
        Khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n
          \n
        • K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n:<\/strong> V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1eb7t nh\u00e3n cho li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft, c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
        • Ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 t\u00ean vai tr\u00f2:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua<\/code> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n<\/code>), th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \ud83d\udcca \u0110a d\u1ea1ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n
          C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
          V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code>, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb kh\u00e1chhang1<\/code> li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi donhang1<\/code>, donhang2<\/code>, v\u00e0 donhang3<\/code>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
          Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t khi t\u1ea1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n
            \n
          • H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 hai chi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi logic \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
          • T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p so v\u1edbi K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung (t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p) v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t (k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p) khi v\u1ebd c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
            \u2696\ufe0f S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng so v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h2>\n
            R\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a UML, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu; s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
            B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nC\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u0129nh (B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 b\u1ed9)<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9ng (B\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            T\u00ean<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u00ean l\u1edbp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/code>)<\/td>\nT\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n + Lo\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: prod1 : S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/code>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft (T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t)<\/td>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft (C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a<\/td>\nG\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
            Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kinh doanh quan tr\u1ecdng, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n
            \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n
            T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o? Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan h\u00ecnh dung tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
            \ud83d\udd0d G\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n
            Khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i mong \u0111\u1ee3i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i logic l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n
            \ud83d\udcdd T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n
            \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 quy t\u1eafc chung. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u01a1n n\u0103m \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi n\u0103m \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, minh h\u1ecda \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/p>\n
            \ud83e\uddea Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n
            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 vi ph\u1ea1m r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n
            \ud83d\udde3\ufe0f Giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h3>\n
            C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: hoadon1<\/code>) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i = \u0110\u00e3 thanh to\u00e1n<\/code>) d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i logic k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kinh doanh.<\/p>\n
            \ud83d\udea7 Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n
            M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch thay v\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n
            \u274c Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n
            M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edd c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
            C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n:<\/strong> Chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed7i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c module c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
            \u274c B\u1ecf qua t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n
            D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u1ebd c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/code> (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i = \u0110\u00e3 giao<\/code>) n\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n = \u0110ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/code>).<\/p>\n
            C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n:<\/strong> Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c trong c\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n
            \u274c Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h3>\n
            M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u1ebd c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec v\u1ebd li\u00ean k\u1ebft. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp; li\u00ean k\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
            C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n \u0111ang v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ed9p l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u00f3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0 obj1<\/code>), b\u1ea1n \u0111ang v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
            \u274c Thi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
            B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u1ea9n danh. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
            C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n:<\/strong>Ngay c\u1ea3 khi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tr\u1ed1ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n
            \ud83e\udde9 Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao<\/h2>\n
            Khi nhu c\u1ea7u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
            \ud83d\udd04 C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/h3>\n
            C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n
            Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a:<\/p>\n
              \n
            • T\u1ea1o ra:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
            • H\u1ee7y b\u1ecf:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
              \ud83c\udfad \u0110a h\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
              Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb l\u1edbp con n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean l\u1edbp con.<\/p>\n
              V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n
              premiumUser1 : PremiumUser<\/code><\/pre>\n
              Ngay c\u1ea3 khiPremiumUser<\/code>k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eebpremiumUser1 : PremiumUser<\/code>, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau r\u00f5 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
              \ud83d\udccc T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n
              \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau:<\/p>\n
                \n
              • Gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
              • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
              • Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong> Lu\u00f4n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh khi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
              • T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
              • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> Tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n UML v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
              • X\u00e1c minh logic:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m tra xem tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch coi vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n then ch\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u00edt l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n
                \ud83d\ude80 Ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\n
                Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng tinh t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c thi. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n
                H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 UML \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong UML. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[84,85],"class_list":["post-1497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-unified-modeling-language","tag-academic","tag-object-diagram"],"yoast_head":"\nH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 UML \ud83d\udcca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong UML. 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