{"id":1531,"date":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-vs-class-diagram-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T16:31:32","slug":"erd-vs-class-diagram-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-vs-class-diagram-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"ERD so v\u1edbi S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp: Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o trong D\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00eda sau (backend), v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n
    • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan t\u00e2m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, ho\u1eb7cS\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>.<\/li>\n
    • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0t\u00ean_kh\u00e1ch_h\u00e0ng<\/em> ho\u1eb7cng\u00e0y_\u0111\u1eb7t_h\u00e0ng<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
    • C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u. T\u00ednh cardinality l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, ERD s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong t\u1eebng b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ngKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      Hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

      Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML). N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ERD, v\u1ed1n xem x\u00e9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp xem x\u00e9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>H\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, logic v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n frontend v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \n
        • L\u1edbp:<\/strong> B\u1ea3n v\u1ebd m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
        • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c thao t\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0t\u00ednhT\u1ed5ng()<\/em> ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1cNg\u01b0\u1eddiD\u00f9ng()<\/em>.<\/li>\n
        • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
        • Giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i truy c\u1eadp nh\u01b0public<\/em>, private<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c protected<\/em>\u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, n\u01a1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Xe h\u01a1i<\/em> l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/em> v\u00e0 B\u00e1nh xe<\/em> l\u1edbp; n\u1ebfu l\u1edbp Xe h\u01a1i<\/em> b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/em> v\u00e0 B\u00e1nh xe<\/em> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh nh\u00ecn nhanh \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD mang t\u00ednh khai b\u00e1o, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp mang t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec. B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau b\u1eadt c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD)<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/td>\nL\u1edbp C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nL\u1edbp \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng \/ M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, Cardinality (1:1, 1:N)<\/td>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft, K\u1ebf th\u1eeba, T\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          H\u00e0nh vi<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng (ch\u1ec9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u)<\/td>\nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, H\u00e0m, Logic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/td>\nChu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/td>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft, T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, \u0110a h\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          \u0110\u1ea7u ra<\/strong><\/td>\nK\u1ebft c\u1ea5u SQL<\/td>\nM\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \ud83d\udcbe<\/h2>\n

          C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u00e0nh vi ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

          1. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

          N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u1ed9i dung, th\u00ec c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o cho backend. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn trong hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
          • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Giao d\u1ecbch<\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t T\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n<\/em>.<\/li>\n
          • Di chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong>Khi l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            2. T\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n

            Khi nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u user_id<\/em>kh\u00e1c nhau, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            3. Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169<\/h3>\n

            Khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y sang logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

            Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kinh doanh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

            1. Logic kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h3>\n

            N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp s\u1ebd ghi l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Chi\u1ebft kh\u1ea5u<\/em>c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Gi\u1ecf h\u00e0ng<\/em>ph\u1ea3i \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Bao \u0111\u00f3ng:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o b\u1ecb \u1ea9n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c module b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
            • \u0110a h\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Thanh to\u00e1n<\/em>giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai b\u1edfi Th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng<\/em>, PayPal<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c Crypto<\/em>l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              2. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

              Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 Java, C# ho\u1eb7c Python, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a chu tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

              3. T\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u00eda frontend<\/h3>\n

              Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DTO). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda frontend nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

              L\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch: C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

              R\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng-quan h\u1ec7 (ORM).<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang l\u1edbp:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/em>trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 sang m\u1ed9t L\u1edbp<\/em>trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t (ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c chia nh\u1ecf).<\/li>\n
              • X\u1eed l\u00fd quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Sinh vi\u00ean<\/em>ch\u1ee9a danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/li>\n
              • Gi\u1ea3m chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong> \u0110\u00f4i khi, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u00e3y tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • B\u1ecf qua t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc (m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n
                • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u s\u1eafc kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. \u0110\u00f4i khi, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (composition) l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5.<\/li>\n
                • Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh). S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c). \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu c\u00fa ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic.<\/li>\n
                • B\u1ecf qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i logic v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a API.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Khung quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \ud83e\udded<\/h2>\n

                  Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khung n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn:<\/strong>Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, truy xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u?\n
                      \n
                    • C\u00f3:<\/em>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD.<\/li>\n
                    • Kh\u00f4ng:<\/em>Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u01b0\u1edbc 2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                    • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a logic:<\/strong>C\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hay b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c quy t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng?\n
                        \n
                      • C\u00f3:<\/em>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
                      • Kh\u00f4ng:<\/em>Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u01b0\u1edbc 3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                      • Xem x\u00e9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng SQL t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng OOP y\u1ebfu?\n
                          \n
                        • C\u00f3:<\/em>Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m OOP.<\/li>\n
                        • Kh\u00f4ng:<\/em>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 hai song song.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                        • Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c API hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng?\n
                            \n
                          • C\u00f3:<\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng ERD.<\/li>\n
                          • Kh\u00f4ng:<\/em>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                            L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u1eb1m trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. ERD b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi.<\/p>\n

                            B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

                            T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m, ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1532,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"ERD so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp: Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o? \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"So s\u00e1nh ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chi ti\u1ebft \u0111i k\u00e8m.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[84,87],"class_list":["post-1531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nERD so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp: Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o? \ud83d\udcca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"So s\u00e1nh ERD v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. 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