{"id":1533,"date":"2026-03-27T21:56:56","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T21:56:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/how-erds-prevent-data-chaos-growing-applications\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T21:56:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T21:56:56","slug":"how-erds-prevent-data-chaos-growing-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/how-erds-prevent-data-chaos-growing-applications\/","title":{"rendered":"ERD gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd t\u00edch t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1edb h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2. ERD kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1edbm b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, thanh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 th\u1eeba d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, l\u1ed7i to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ERD ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3 su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\udde9 Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ERD ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, ta c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed7i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

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  • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang theo d\u00f5i. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3mNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, v\u00e0S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3mt\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp<\/em>, email<\/em>, v\u00e0ng\u00e0y_t\u1ea1o<\/em>. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng suy \u0111o\u00e1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sai s\u00f3t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

    \ud83c\udf2a\ufe0f C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

    Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ERD? D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam b\u1ea3ng khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.\u201d Ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng theo th\u1eddi gian. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

    1. D\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p<\/h3>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng sao ch\u00e9p d\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tri\u1ec3n khai t\u00ednh n\u0103ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u1edf hai n\u01a1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. ERD \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    2. Vi ph\u1ea1m to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu<\/h3>\n

    \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3n ghi m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    3. Suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n<\/h3>\n

    Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m logic. C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (joins) tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    4. G\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/h3>\n

    Khi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00ean c\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m quen v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ednh n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c quan gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udcd0 Tri\u1ec3n khai chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh:<\/strong>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia l\u00e0 ai? Nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m neo cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. H\u00e3y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f3 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email) hay kh\u00f3a thay th\u1ebf (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ID t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng). Kh\u00f3a thay th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00ec t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
    • Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t? M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u? Hay Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
    • \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF) khi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\nChi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1)<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/td>\n\u0110\u1eb7t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong hai b\u1ea3ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N)<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/td>\n\u0110\u1eb7t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong B\u1ea3ng B tr\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ea3ng A.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (N:M)<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/td>\nT\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft (c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i) ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ea3ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \ud83d\ude80 M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u0129nh. Ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng?<\/p>\n

        \n
      • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn:<\/strong> Khi b\u1ea1n xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c tr\u1ef1c quan gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n
      • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di chuy\u1ec3n:<\/strong> Khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng), s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac:<\/strong> \u0110\u00f4i khi, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb quan h\u1ec7 sang phi quan h\u1ec7. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam l\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc cao. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7m v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o n\u00ean gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o, v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00f3 trong kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. G\u1eedi thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
        • V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>Bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sprint c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai di chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c minh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
        • Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. N\u1ebfu t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 tbl_usr<\/code>, h\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh users<\/code>. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
        • T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh:<\/strong> \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan lu\u00f4n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eadt l\u00fd. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udeab Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n

          Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc b\u1eaby khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Qu\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm. C\u1ea7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
          • B\u1ecf qua x\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm khi b\u1ecb x\u00f3a v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng deleted_at<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a logic n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n
          • C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea9n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ea3ng B, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t mong manh.<\/li>\n
          • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 \u00fd nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u00e9m. H\u00e3y ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83e\udd1d Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

            D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 logic kinh doanh. Khi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD gi\u00fap h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ‘b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng’ th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n theo d\u00f5i s\u1edf th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed7i s\u1edf th\u00edch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0a th\u1edbt, kh\u00f3 truy v\u1ea5n. V\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu: kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng s\u1edf th\u00edch<\/code>b\u1ea3ng. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

            H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y giao ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ban. Khi \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1p l\u00fd h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. T\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udd0d Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u: C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • KH\u00d4NG R\u1ed6NG:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. R\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 ID ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email.<\/li>\n
            • DUY NH\u1ea4T:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t. R\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n email ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
            • KI\u1ec2M TRA:<\/strong>Cho ph\u00e9p logic t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o gi\u00e1 lu\u00f4n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
            • M\u1eb6C \u0110\u1ecaNH:<\/strong>Cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p. H\u1eefu \u00edch cho th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u1edd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\udd04 Chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

              S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n th\u00eam c\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD s\u1ebd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/li>\n
              2. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng? C\u00e2u truy v\u1ea5n n\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng?<\/li>\n
              3. L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di chuy\u1ec3n:<\/strong>Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c script x\u1eed l\u00fd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean th\u00eam c\u1ed9t m\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng x\u00f3a c\u1ed9t c\u0169.<\/li>\n
              4. C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong>Sau khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di d\u1eddi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ‘l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac’ x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ea7n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t theo th\u1eddi gian. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udcc8 \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n

                L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ERD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e3y t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \u00cdt l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>B\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y \u00edt s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
                • Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nhanh h\u01a1n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
                • Truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi gian truy v\u1ea5n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/li>\n
                • Giao ti\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>\u00cdt cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sang ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho Vi\u1ec7c T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u H\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

                  M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng b\u00fat v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y, b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 hay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 nhau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                  \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • T\u00ean b\u1ea3ng in \u0111\u1eadm.<\/li>\n
                  • Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
                  • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00fa v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n
                  • M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc’ cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n frontend v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘T\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho ghi’ cho \u0111\u1ed9i backend. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y gi\u1eef ERD l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

                    \ud83d\udd17 T\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi DevOps<\/h2>\n

                    Trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. ERD ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y. Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ghi nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, lu\u1ed3ng CI\/CD c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c minh thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

                    S\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a nh\u1ea7m b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. N\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                    \ud83e\udde0 Nh\u1eefng Suy ngh\u0129 Cu\u1ed1i C\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 Ki\u1ebfn Tr\u00fac D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

                    S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD), b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i m\u1ea3nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                    S\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ERD s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu mong manh. Khi b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1534,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"ERD Ng\u0103n Ch\u1eb7n H\u1ed7n Lo\u1ea1n D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u Trong \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng \u0110ang Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n Nh\u01b0 Th\u1ebf N\u00e0o","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. 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