{"id":1535,"date":"2026-03-27T17:16:10","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T17:16:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-vs-schema-core-difference-developers\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T17:16:10","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T17:16:10","slug":"erd-vs-schema-core-difference-developers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-vs-schema-core-difference-developers\/","title":{"rendered":"ERD so v\u1edbi Schema: Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean bi\u1ebft"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd tr\u1ef1c quan v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng thay th\u1ebf cho nhau trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau trong quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt; n\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1ch r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u01b0 duy gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi hay t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Charcoal<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

ERD th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c logic c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, m\u1ed9t ERD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9tKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3mT\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m<\/em>, \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email<\/em>, ho\u1eb7cNg\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd<\/em>. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u danh m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ERD n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m \u1edf PostgreSQL, MySQL hay m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u NoSQL. N\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng logic. C\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Crow\u2019s Foot l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i (m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u). Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    Khi t\u1ea1o ERD, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i s\u1ebd c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt n\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. ERD l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t; n\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    N\u1ebfu ERD l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DBMS) ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong khi ERD n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sau:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • B\u1ea3ng:<\/strong> Entiti trong ERD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: snake_case).<\/li>\n
    • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 Tu\u1ed5i<\/em> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t INT<\/code> ho\u1eb7c SMALLINT<\/code>. M\u1ed9t Email<\/em> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t VARCHAR<\/code> v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t Timestamp<\/em> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE<\/code>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
    • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i logic c\u1ee7a ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh (PK) \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (FK) \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.NOT NULL<\/code> c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
    • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong c\u00e1c ERD c\u1ea5p cao, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm thao t\u00e1c ghi. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t truy c\u1eadp. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ghi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh CREATE TABLE<\/code> th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn nhanh \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

      \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch khi xem c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t song song v\u1edbi nhau. ERD mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, trong khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3-M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7)<\/th>\nC\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td>\nM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic \/ Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/td>\nM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nL\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c thi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u1ed9p, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb, K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00e2n chim<\/td>\nC\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh SQL, T\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh DDL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nC\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/td>\nNg\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u (Quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh)<\/td>\nR\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (PK, FK, Ki\u1ec3m tra)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/strong><\/td>\nGiai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/td>\nGiai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \/ Tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

      Quy tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i: T\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 sang m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

      H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ERD sang s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp 1:1. L\u1edbp chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

      Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed9t ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy c\u1eadp cao, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef T\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em> b\u1ea3ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

      Chi ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed9t ERD ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ng\u00e0y<\/em>. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa DATE<\/code>, DATETIME<\/code>, ho\u1eb7c TIMESTAMP<\/code>. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 (UTF8, ASCII) v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc so s\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng x\u1eed l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp. M\u1ed9t ERD chung chung kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft tinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

      X\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a<\/h3>\n

      Trong m\u1ed9t ERD, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n qu\u1ea1. Trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M\u1ed9t-\u0110a th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i). B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 (UUID). S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p cao nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

      T\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft; n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic hay tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

      G\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

      N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: ERD c\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i hay kh\u00f4ng, hay r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu? Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 logic ERD cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ERD qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n x\u00f3a c\u1ee9ng, l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng logic kinh doanh. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

      Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/h3>\n

      Khi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ERD v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. ERD thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c khi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ERD, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu ERD thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 script di chuy\u1ec3n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

      Ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t ERD cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho h\u1ecd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 hai. ERD tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d<\/em> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u00f3?\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udea7<\/h2>\n

      M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m v\u1eabn r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1eaby khi coi ERD v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • B\u1ecf qua ERD:<\/strong>B\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c script b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 SQL th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb qu\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
      • B\u1ecf qua r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>D\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc (nh\u01b0 email duy nh\u1ea5t) thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c UNIQUE) l\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00ean l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 sau.<\/li>\n
      • Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 sinh m\u00e3, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf n\u01a1i kia.<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/strong> Tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 theo th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

        Khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u0169 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/em>.<\/p>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong> Lu\u00f4n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
        2. T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a sinh th\u00e0nh:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh m\u00e3 SQL DDL t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
        3. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n SQL tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
        4. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n di chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          S\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ng\u0103n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111en. Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

          \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u26a1<\/h2>\n

          L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i logic gi\u1eefaNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em> v\u00e0 B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/em>. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddngUser_ID<\/em> trong b\u1ea3ngB\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/em> hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

          Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho b\u1ea1n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n l\u1ea1i ch\u1eadm. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

          H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ch\u1eb7n l\u1eabn nhau hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD im l\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea3i cao.<\/p>\n

          L\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \ud83c\udfc6<\/h2>\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n sau:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1. Trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai n\u01a1i.<\/li>\n
          • Xem x\u00e9t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i qu\u00fd. T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kinh doanh v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n logic kinh doanh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
          • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n:<\/strong>Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n

            Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft SQL. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng cho m\u00e1y. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

            Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean chi ti\u1ebft h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 cho b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 logic v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 h\u1ecfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn; l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

            Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

            S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3-M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb suy ngh\u0129 sang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng sang th\u1ef1c thi. Trong khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 logic th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh, th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

            Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Chu tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

            Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y gi\u1eef hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi. Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 ch\u00fang, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

            H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. S\u1ef1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng logic c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. C\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1536,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD so v\u1edbi L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"B\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ERD so v\u1edbi L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3? H\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[84,87],"class_list":["post-1535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD so v\u1edbi L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"B\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ERD so v\u1edbi L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3? H\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. 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