![\"Kawaii-style](\"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/erd-pitfalls-agile-teams-kawaii-infographic.jpg\"\/)
<\/figure>\n<\/div>\nS\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n
C\u00e1c khung Agile khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u201cph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.\u201d M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai th\u00e0nh \u201cph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.\u201d Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, t\u00edch l\u0169y theo t\u1eebng sprint. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng sau:<\/p>\n
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\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua, cho ph\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho t\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Chi ph\u00ed t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Agile \ud83d\udea8<\/h2>\n
Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn khi ERD b\u1ecb v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
1. B\u1ecf qua t\u00ednh cardinality v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn \ud83d\udd17<\/h3>\n
Cardinality x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng). Khi v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
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Sai l\u1ea7m:<\/strong>Xem t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn khi ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u00fang quy t\u1eafc, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cardinality t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u2696\ufe0f<\/h3>\n
Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, trong khi kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i Agile th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
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Sai l\u1ea7m:<\/strong>Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF), d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (join) l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Sai l\u1ea7m:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>Ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \ud83d\udcbe<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec. C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o (hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng). C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
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Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian truy xu\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Chia t\u00e1ch:<\/strong>B\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia t\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi n\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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X\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c nhu c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a Agile v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3u th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p Agile hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
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\n \n\n \n \n <\/colgroup>\n \n \n Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (Th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n Agile (V\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n
\n Agile (C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh (ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n T\u1ed1n k\u00e9m khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n D\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, r\u1ee7i ro cao<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n \n Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n Ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n
\n \u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh + T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udcb8<\/h2>\n
Khi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD b\u1ecb v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u1ea5t ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra sau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng. N\u1ee3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
Suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n
C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng. Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n gi\u1ea3m theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n
Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i), d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
G\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h3>\n
Khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di chuy\u1ec3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng tri\u1ec3n khai b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong khi di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ‘\u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng’. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
1. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 theo t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h3>\n
Thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u00e3y coi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
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Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 trong kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2. Tri\u1ec3n khai quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u trong sprint.<\/p>\n
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X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i cho t\u00ednh n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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T\u1ea1o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3. T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a ki\u1ec3m tra l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n
S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
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Ki\u1ec3m tra xem c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 \ud83d\udde3\ufe0f<\/h2>\n
M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n
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Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n:<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c giao h\u00e0ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac API.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DBAs):<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c sao l\u01b0u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd truy v\u1ea5n n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea3i ghi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
L\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sprint. Bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p cao trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i tinh ch\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n
T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83d\udd27<\/h2>\n
Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n linh ho\u1ea1t. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n
Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/h3>\n
Khi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3ng, tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f3a b\u1ea3ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n
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M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 thu h\u1eb9p:<\/strong>Th\u00eam c\u1ed9t m\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng x\u00f3a c\u1ed9t c\u0169.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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Ghi song song:<\/strong>Ghi v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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C\u1edd t\u00ednh n\u0103ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa logic c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra cho l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sprint \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, h\u00e3y th\u00eam c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh sprint.<\/p>\n
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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0a?<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c view t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh cardinality v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n cho b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u01b0a?<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc cho ph\u00e9p null v\u00e0 t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc8<\/h2>\n
\u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch sau n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n
Agile kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu khi v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ERD, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1eeba \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n
Khi b\u1ea1n ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang, th\u1ef1c ra b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Agile \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1550,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong ERD c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m Agile: Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ERD trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[84,87],"class_list":["post-1549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\n
Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong ERD c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m Agile: Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ERD trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. 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