{"id":1583,"date":"2026-03-25T17:12:03","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T17:12:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-component-breakdown-entities-attributes-relationships\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T17:12:03","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T17:12:03","slug":"erd-component-breakdown-entities-attributes-relationships","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-component-breakdown-entities-attributes-relationships\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ERD: Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y, tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i\u2014th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7\u2014l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f ERD l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, n\u01a1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. ERD gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  • Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>Gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
  • Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>Cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \ud83d\udd11 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n 1: Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

    1.1 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, ho\u1eb7cS\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

    1.2 C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang gi\u00fap m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh (th\u01b0\u1eddng):<\/strong> Ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
    • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p.<\/li>\n
    • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a. Ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      1.3 Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3n ghi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ID do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o ra (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: UUID).<\/li>\n
      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: S\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ISBN).<\/li>\n
      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \ud83d\udcdd Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n 2: Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u00ean, tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh elip k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        2.1 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chia nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:Tu\u1ed5i<\/em> ho\u1eb7c M\u00e0u s\u1eafc<\/em>.<\/li>\n
        • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh:<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em>, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1<\/em>, v\u00e0 M\u00e3 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh<\/em>.<\/li>\n
        • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:S\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i<\/em> ho\u1eb7c B\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh elip k\u00e9p.<\/li>\n
        • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra:<\/strong> T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Tu\u1ed5i<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb Ng\u00e0y sinh<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          2.2 Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ea3ng sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a<\/th>\nCh\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng.<\/td>\nCustomerID<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\nK\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/td>\nOrderID (trong OrderItems)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Kh\u00f3a duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb NULL.<\/td>\nEmailAddress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Kh\u00f3a \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean<\/td>\nB\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/td>\nSSN, S\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          2.3 Null so v\u1edbi Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Null<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I NULL<\/em> r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. NULL<\/em> c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng trong logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udd17 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n 3: M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 logic kinh doanh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh thoi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

          3.1 Cardinality<\/h3>\n

          Cardinality x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> v\u1edbi H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu<\/em>.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ph\u00f2ng ban<\/em> v\u1edbi Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em>.<\/li>\n
          • Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (M:N):<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Sinh vi\u00ean<\/em> v\u1edbi Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            3.2 R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c tham gia<\/h3>\n

            S\u1ef1 tham gia x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hay kh\u00f4ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Tham gia to\u00e0n b\u1ed9:<\/strong> M\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb k\u00e9p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ecdi \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em> ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/li>\n
            • Tham gia m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tham gia. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t V\u1ee3\/ch\u1ed3ng<\/em> h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              3.3 Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

              Ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              Lo\u1ea1i<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\nEntiti y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o entiti m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/td>\nCon ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o B\u1ed1\/M\u1eb9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng con c\u00f3 danh t\u00ednh ri\u00eang.<\/td>\nQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0110\u1ec7 quy<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t entiti li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/td>\nNh\u00e2n vi\u00ean gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              \ud83d\udcca Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n 4: C\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

              M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 logic v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau. Bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

              4.1 K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00e2n chim<\/h3>\n

              \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n chim (ba \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng) \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng:<\/strong>B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
              • V\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n:<\/strong>T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (Kh\u00f4ng).<\/li>\n
              • Ch\u00e2n chim:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                4.2 K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Chen<\/h3>\n

                \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean Peter Chen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ERD. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u00ecnh thoi cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh elip cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                4.3 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp UML<\/h3>\n

                S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 truy c\u1eadp (+, -, #) v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n 5: Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ERD<\/h2>\n

                Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. ERD l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                5.1 Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                1. D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF):<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                2. D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
                3. D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  5.2 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

                  Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n. ERD gi\u00fap tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, cho th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

                  \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

                  Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • T\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 D\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em> ho\u1eb7c Th\u00f4ng tin<\/em> khi\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 GhiNh\u1eadtK\u00fdGiaoD\u1ecbch<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                  • Thi\u1ebfu cardinality:<\/strong> Qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn hay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                  • Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n:<\/strong> Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o B, v\u00e0 B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o A. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p logic m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                  • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                  • B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kinh doanh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \ud83d\ude80 C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

                    Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                    6.1 Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/h3>\n

                    T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • S\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u00edt:<\/strong>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3. (v\u00ed d\u1ee5:Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> hay Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n
                    • D\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u1edbi:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng snake_case<\/em> cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5:customer_id<\/em>).<\/li>\n
                    • Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 ra lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5:tbl_<\/em> ho\u1eb7c dim_<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      6.2 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

                      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
                      • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        6.3 V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra<\/h3>\n

                        Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
                        • Ki\u1ec3m tra kinh doanh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
                        • Ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \ud83d\udd0d V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n

                          H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng s\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh s\u1ebd l\u00e0S\u00e1ch<\/em>, T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:<\/em>, v\u00e0Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • S\u00e1ch:<\/strong> Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m ISBN (Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh), Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1.<\/li>\n
                          • T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:<\/strong> Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m AuthorID (Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh) v\u00e0 T\u00ean.<\/li>\n
                          • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t S\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u). M\u1ed9t T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u S\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n
                          • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebftS\u00e1ch_T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em> ch\u1ee9a ISBN v\u00e0 AuthorID.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u linh ho\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n sao ch\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho t\u1eebng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

                            \ud83d\udcc8 S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n

                            C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a theo.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:<\/strong>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
                            • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic:<\/strong>Th\u00eam thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
                            • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                              \ud83e\udde9 C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e2ng cao<\/h2>\n

                              \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                              7.1 Si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i con<\/h3>\n

                              T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. M\u1ed9t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/em> th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh \u00d4 t\u00f4<\/em> v\u00e0 Xe t\u1ea3i<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung trong khi v\u1eabn cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i con.<\/p>\n

                              7.2 T\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

                              Khi m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t B\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh<\/em> gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t B\u00e1c s\u0129<\/em> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n<\/em> c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0y<\/em> v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                              7.3 M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tam ph\u00e2n<\/h3>\n

                              C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ba th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n khai trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                              \ud83d\udd0d K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

                              N\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1eeba linh ho\u1ea1t. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean r\u00e0 so\u00e1t v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

                              Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u0103ng theo. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1584,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ERD: C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 - M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[84,87],"class_list":["post-1583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nH\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ERD: C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 - M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. 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