{"id":1605,"date":"2026-03-24T22:35:25","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T22:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/from-blank-page-to-erd-guide-for-new-engineers\/"},"modified":"2026-03-24T22:35:25","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T22:35:25","slug":"from-blank-page-to-erd-guide-for-new-engineers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/from-blank-page-to-erd-guide-for-new-engineers\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eeb trang tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ERD: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ed1ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hay l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ERD. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thay v\u00ec c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Sketch-style infographic illustrating the complete Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) creation workflow for new software engineers, showing step-by-step process from requirements gathering to database implementation, including entities, attributes, relationships, cardinality notation (1:1, 1:N, M:N), Crow's Foot vs Chen notation comparison, normalization steps, common pitfalls to avoid, and best practices for maintainable database design\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/erd-workflow-sketch-infographic-16x9-1.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>T\u1ea1i sao s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t n\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. ERD kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ef1c quan m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Giao ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong> N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>X\u00e1c minh:<\/strong> N\u00f3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00e3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD \ud83d\udce6<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed7i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \ud83c\udfe2<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0<strong>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c <strong>S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/strong>, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0<strong>\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c <strong>\u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00ean:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, <em>S\u00e1ch<\/em> thay v\u00ec <em>S\u00e1ch<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>S\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ebft t\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h3>\n<p>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t <strong>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/strong>th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 <em>T\u00ean<\/em>, <em>Email<\/em>, v\u00e0 <em>S\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 V\u0103n b\u1ea3n, S\u1ed1, Ng\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c Boolean.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng), trong khi nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh (ID duy nh\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd17<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>H\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c hai chi\u1ec1u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>S\u1ef1 tham gia:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c hay t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 Cardinality \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>Cardinality l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai cardinality l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn sai s\u00f3t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<table style=\"min-width: 75px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Lo\u1ea1i<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p><strong>M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Entiti A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Entiti B.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>M\u1ed9t <em>Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <em>Th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p><strong>M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Entiti A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Entiti B.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>M\u1ed9t <em>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u <em>\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p><strong>Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (M:N)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Entiti A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Entiti B.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Nhi\u1ec1u <em>Sinh vi\u00ean<\/em> \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u <em>Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung gian, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chia m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M:N th\u00e0nh hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 1:N.<\/p>\n<h2>Phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \ud83c\udfa8<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 logic n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<h3>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Chen<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh thoi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh elip k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Phong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h3>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00e2n chim<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00e2n chim cho \u2018nhi\u1ec1u\u2019).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0nh cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<h2>Quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \ud83d\udcdd<\/h3>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd, h\u00e3y trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>C\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c l\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \ud83c\udfaf<\/h3>\n<p>Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ecdi danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0<em>S\u00e1ch<\/em>, <em>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em>, <em>Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/em>, v\u00e0 <em>H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 m\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/em>. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \ud83d\udd11<\/h3>\n<p>V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3y ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngu\u1ed3n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e3y l\u01b0u tr\u1eef <em>Ng\u00e0y sinh<\/em> thay v\u00ec <em>Tu\u1ed5i<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n<p>V\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. H\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho logic kinh doanh.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd0d<\/h3>\n<p>Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n (\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u (\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h3>1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n<p>T\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<h3>2. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai. Lu\u00f4n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn hay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n<h3>3. B\u1ecf qua ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, h\u00e3y lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. L\u01b0u s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n thay v\u00ec s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng<\/h3>\n<p>Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 Entiti A ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o B, v\u00e0 B ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o A. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u1eb9t c\u1ee9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00e8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n<h3>5. \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/h3>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<em>UserID<\/em> \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, \u0111\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n sang<em>User_ID<\/em> \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb9o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u01b0u c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Th\u00eam ghi ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \ud83e\udded<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec7 quy<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t<em>Employee<\/em>th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i quay l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7.<\/p>\n<h3>K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u con<\/h3>\n<p>Khi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, <em>Vehicle<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha c\u1ee7a<em>Car<\/em> v\u00e0<em>Truck<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt k\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n khai \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9t:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a:<\/strong> Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t; kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u00c1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng &#8220;nhi\u1ec1u&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. Lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2>Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \ud83d\udc41\ufe0f<\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n<table style=\"min-width: 50px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>M\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m tra<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1t\/Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 \u00edt kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>\u2610<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>M\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>\u2610<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>C\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>\u2610<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>\u2610<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>\u2610<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udf31<\/h2>\n<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 &#8220;ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o&#8221; duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o logic tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ebd theo sau. H\u00e3y d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u khi di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec cho th\u00f4ng tin. Khi b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ed1ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hay l\u00ean k\u1ebf&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1606,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1eeb trang tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn ERD: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. 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