{"id":1625,"date":"2026-03-24T06:02:08","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T06:02:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-for-non-database-people-data-models-simplified\/"},"modified":"2026-03-24T06:02:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T06:02:08","slug":"erd-for-non-database-people-data-models-simplified","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-read.com\/vi\/erd-for-non-database-people-data-models-simplified\/","title":{"rendered":"ERD cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ecdi doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed3n kho, theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xu h\u01b0\u1edbng doanh s\u1ed1, th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ERD.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, m\u1ed9t ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 b\u00ed \u1ea9n. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. Tin t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00ec sao c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\udde9 ERD th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1eeda, n\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ERD, h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c minh xem gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udd11 Ba tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ERD<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ERD m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ba kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang theo d\u00f5i. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh doanh, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d, m\u1ed9t \u201cS\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201d, m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u201cNh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p\u201d. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m \u201cT\u00ean\u201d, \u201c\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email\u201d, \u201cS\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00ean trong h\u1ed9p th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d. K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh dung c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec\u201d (th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3) v\u00e0 \u201cbao nhi\u00eau\u201d (m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7). Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p (th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1ed9i dung b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau (m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7).<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udcd0 Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi ERD l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cM\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B?\u201d<\/p>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phong c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i. Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n

    C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\nV\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
    M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1)<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 ID th\u1ebb.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N)<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/td>\nM\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng ban tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Many-to-Many (M:N)<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o Nhi\u1ec1u Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

    H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M\u1ed9t-\u0110a, ph\u00eda “M\u1ed9t” l\u00e0 cha, c\u00f2n ph\u00eda “\u0110a” l\u00e0 con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c chi ti\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t. Trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 ba, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y chia m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh hai k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i M\u1ed9t-\u0110a. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm b\u1ea3ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

    \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy: V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/h2>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng quen thu\u1ed9c: m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng backend c\u1ee7a c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang logic kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

    1. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/h3>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 “S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m”. B\u00ean trong l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 “SKU”, “Gi\u00e1”, “M\u00f4 t\u1ea3”, v\u00e0 “M\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n kho”. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e1n. M\u1ed7i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng xem m\u1ed9t trang, h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    2. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n

    Ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p “Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng”. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m “T\u00ean”, “H\u1ecd”, “\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng”, v\u00e0 “M\u00e3 th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng”. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y theo d\u00f5i ai \u0111ang mua c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

    3. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n

    Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p “\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng”. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a “Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng”, “T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n”, v\u00e0 “Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i”. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ghi giao d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

    4. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

    B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p n\u00e0y. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa “Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng” v\u00e0 “\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng” \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M\u1ed9t-\u0110a. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa “\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng” v\u00e0 “S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m” \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh xem h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 thanh to\u00e1n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd mong \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    \ud83e\udde0 T\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh<\/h2>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Khi b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic s\u1edbm trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n sai s\u00f3t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i sau khi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Giao ti\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n:<\/strong>Thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i “T\u00f4i c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn”, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i “T\u00f4i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed Kho h\u00e0ng”. S\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin.<\/li>\n
    • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>Khi c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
    • Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu “Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty.<\/li>\n
    • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>Khi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cho t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/h2>\n

      Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh, vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Thi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 “\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh “Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c giao h\u00e0ng”. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
      • Cardinality sai:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M\u1ed9t-\u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb v\u1ebd nh\u1ea7m th\u00e0nh M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi con, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/li>\n
      • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/li>\n
      • Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p ch\u1ee9a n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \ud83e\udd1d H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng; b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • H\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecfi ‘\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?’ H\u00e3y h\u1ecfi ‘B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u00f4i qua c\u00e1ch giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111i qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?’ \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic, l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
        • T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng). H\u00e3y h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean. ‘\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng? D\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4ng?’ Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u1edd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
        • Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
        • X\u00e1c minh quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ean g\u1ecdi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. ‘tbl_cust_01’ kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ‘Customers’. \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i, x\u00e1c minh logic, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sinh m\u00e3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u00e3y ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o tay r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho tri\u1ec3n khai. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

          Khi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169 c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udcc9 Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1<\/h2>\n

          B\u1ecf qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t chi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ‘n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt’. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 mang t\u00ednh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, n\u01a1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec theo th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed7i khi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, thay v\u00ec c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

          \ud83c\udf93 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng<\/h2>\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3-M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m).<\/li>\n
          • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 (T\u00ean, Gi\u00e1, Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i).<\/li>\n
          • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau (Mua, B\u00e1n, Ch\u1ee9a).<\/li>\n
          • Cardinality X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3u xem m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u hay Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
          • Xem x\u00e9t s\u1edbm:<\/strong>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u00fang trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
          • H\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u00e3y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m r\u00f5. \u0110\u1eebng t\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u00e1u s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3-M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ea3y tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y qua t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

            B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00ecm c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p. Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. B\u1ea1n \u0111ang g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            M\u1ecdi doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed3n kho, theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xu h\u01b0\u1edbng doanh…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1626,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3-M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. 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